The importance of zinc transporters in immunopathology is evident in each disease state: ZnT8 is an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes (94), ZIP8 polymorphisms predispose to colitis by disrupting gut barrier integrity (69), and tumor-mediated upregulation of ZIP9/ZIP14 causes T cell and macrophage exhaustion (95, 96). Here, SLC39A8 is linked to neoplasm.