TGFB1 and neoplasm: Therefore, the antibody-drug conjugate disitamab vedotin (RC48) combined with the PD-1 inhibitor toripalimab has achieved tumor shrinkage in HER2-positive EC (NCT04280341) (69) Additionally, early studies suggest therapeutic value in EC for combinations such as ICIs with anti-angiogenics to normalize vasculature and reduce MDSCs (41, 70); and ICIs plus TGF-β or IDO inhibitors to reverse immunosuppression (71–73).