SP1 and fetal growth restriction: The role of the miR-22/Sp1/CBS axis in regulating trophoblast invasion by influencing the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 may become foundational knowledge, ultimately contributing to the investigation, clarification, and prevention of pregnancy-related complications such as PE, recurrent pregnancy loss, and fetal growth restriction (FGR), while also providing insights for pharmacological interventions in these conditions.