This process is further facilitated by histone acetylation, which enhances the modulation of Tpex and Teff cell populations, thereby increasing tumor sensitivity to ICB therapy.445 This discovery reveals a complex microbiota-metabolism-epigenetics-immunity axis in cancer.446 Additionally, the identification of microbial metabolites such as butyrate447 and indole-3-lactic acid239 as direct modulators of the epigenetic landscape in immune cells, particularly CD8 + T cells, represents a significant advancement in the field of immunology. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.