Specifically, a landmark study by Pearce et al. elucidated the role of metabolic pathways in T cell differentiation and function, emphasizing the central role of mTORC1 activation in T cell metabolism during immune responses.66 Conversely, the activation of AMPK, which acts as a metabolic sensor, was shown to enhance antitumor immunity by inhibiting mTOR signaling and promoting autophagy, thereby strengthening immune surveillance.67 By 2020, the focus shifted toward therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic pathways to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is cancer.