HK1 and neoplasm: This metabolic shift increases the secretion of tumor-promoting factors, such as Wnt, FGF, interleukins, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which may modulate immune cell functions and contribute to liver metastasis in CRC.299 Additionally, histone lactylation in HSCs can reprogram cell‒cell interactions, influencing immune responses through the target NPIPB3.300 HSCs also secrete exosomes containing hexokinase 1 (HK1) to promote glycolysis and the creation of an acidic TME,301 initiating a metabolic-epigenetic-immune signaling network.