Moreover, sarcopenia has been linked to systemic low-grade inflammation; for example, a 2024 study suggested that reduced serum β2-microglobulin has been suggested as a candidate biomarker for sarcopenia in older adults, reflecting systemic alterations in muscle and inflammatory homeostasis.17 Such systemic inflammation can sensitize peripheral nociceptors and exacerbate pain.18-21 The resulting worsening of pain and diminished sensory function may, in turn, reduce physical activity, ultimately impairing upper-limb functional performance. This evidence concerns the gene HLA-G and sarcopenia.