While current treatment guidelines for HCC do not recommend immunotherapy for early or intermediate-stage disease, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target the CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1 axis, such as ipilimumab and durvalumab, have emerged as first-line standard therapies for advanced HCC.6 The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.