Another limitation of this study lies in the fact that while our in vivo data strongly suggest the involvement of the AGEs-RAGE/NOX4/NF-κB pathway in the alleviation of oxidative-inflammatory stress by BSTJF in ovarian GCs of PCOS, future studies employing in vitro GC culture models combined with gain- or loss-of-function approaches will be essential to establish direct causal relationships. Here, NOX4 is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.