TNF and ventricular fibrillation: Inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17) are involved in the pathogenesis of malignant VAs (ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF)), but are largely overlooked in the management of heart rhythm disorders (Lazzerini et al., 2022; Lazzerini et al., 2023; Obeagu, 2025).