Conversely, lack of CIRP fosters a pro-arrhythmic state, upregulating potassium channels (Kv1.5 and Kv4.2/4.3, for example) to accelerate repolarization, shorten the action potential duration, and enhance vulnerability to atrial fibrillation (Xie et al., 2020b). Here, KCNA3 is linked to atrial fibrillation.