PTK2 and urinary bladder cancer: For instance, IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling enhances bladder cancer cell growth and is linked to targeted kinase inhibitor resistance (Gao et al., 2023), while TLR4 activation facilitates inflammation-associated carcinogenesis and liver cancer metastasis through protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2) induction (Feng et al., 2023).