In various applications, Western blotting has been employed to verify the distinct expression of tumor exosomal surface/membrane proteins, such as glypican 1 (GPC-1), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), and disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10), which are considered potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis (Xu F. et al., 2024). Here, GPC1 is linked to neoplasm.