Moreover, crosstalk between autophagy and the PI3K/AKT axis contributes to malignant phenotypes such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune evasion, and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment (Zhang et al., 2019; Peng et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and neoplasm.