VEGFA and neoplasm: This may occur through secretion of cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β, which inhibit cytotoxic T cell and NK cell function, helping tumor cells evade immune attack; secretion of large amounts of pro-angiogenic factors such as VEGF and PDGF to supply nutrients and oxygen to tumors; and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to degrade the extracellular matrix, facilitating tumor invasion and metastasis (24).