TGFB1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: In the liver, elevated TGF-β acts synergistically with IFN-γ to enhance inflammatory and fibrotic pathways, contributing to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in both humanized mouse models and in PWH (96, 97).