NOX4 and brain ischemia: For instance, it inhibited β-amyloid-induced neuroinflammation via the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway (17), alleviated high glucose-induced renal mesangial cell injury through the ROS/Nox4/ERK1/2 axis (16), and reduced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by promoting neuronal survival and suppressing neuroinflammation (26).