A multi-interaction heatmap between retinal gliosis and various AD biomarkers in the retina and brain (Fig. 5P; extended data in Supplementary Tables 12 and 13) revealed very strong associations between retinal GFAP+ or vimentin+ macrogliosis and NLRP3 load (r = 0.84–0.91, p < 0.01–0.0001), and between retinal GFAP+ astrogliosis and CCasp3+ apoptosis (r = 0.85, p < 0.0001). Here, GFAP is linked to Alzheimer disease.