Within metabolic inflammation, convergent evidence also implicates the IFN-OAS axis in T2DM: in human skin and skeletal muscle transcriptomes, OAS1/OAS2/OAS3 are significantly upregulated and enriched for infection-related pathways [32,33], indicating tissue-level activation of interferon responses in T2DM [34]. Here, IFNA1 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.