Patient-level laboratory and cancer registry data were used to identify patients who met a specified laboratory threshold: albumin < 3 g/dL, HIV viral load > 10,000 copies or CD4 < 200 cells/μL, creatinine > 4 mg/dL, platelets < 100,000/μL, total bilirubin > 4 μmol/L, NH3 > 20, positive urine amphetamine or cocaine, serum ethanol > 80, hemoglobin A1C > 10%, and stage 3 or 4 cancer. Here, CD4 is linked to cancer.