EXOSC8 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Although pasteurized A. muciniphila (particularly the Amuc_1100 protein) is known to exert anti-obesity effects, live bacteria also secrete regulatory proteins (e.g., P9) that contribute to weight modulation—this intricate, multifactorial regulatory network requires further elucidation to clarify formulation-specific mechanisms.