Such activation triggers intracellular oxidative stress and up-regulates muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases (e.g., Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1), thereby stimulating proteolytic pathways including the ubiquitin–proteasome system and autophagy, ultimately culminating in myofiber atrophy and sarcopenia (Abrigo et al., 2021). Here, TRIM63 is linked to sarcopenia.