TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Microglial activation and astrocyte dysfunction contribute to ALS pathology by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) and Interferon γ (IFN-γ), and increasing ROS levels, thus exacerbating neuronal damage (Guo et al., 2022; Vahsen et al., 2023).