LEP and metabolic syndrome: The possible explanations suggested by previous studies were as follows: an increase in BMI was linked with elevated leptin and reduced adiponectin in patients with psoriasis (Baran et al., 2015; Kaushik et al., 2023); moreover, the elevation of leptin and the reduction in adiponectin inhibited insulin secretion, which further increased blood glucose and induced dyslipidemia, thus increasing the incidence of elevated blood glucose, hyperlipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia (Kirichenko et al., 2022; Jin et al., 2023; Klop et al., 2013).