NPPA and cardiac hypertrophy: We also measured the mRNA expression levels of cardiac hypertrophy markers, including ANP, BNP, β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), α-sarcomeric actin, and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), and observed remarkable upregulation of ANP, BNP, β-MHC, and α-sarcomeric actin, as well as downregulation of SERCA (Figures 3D–H).