Together, these analyses define a continuum of malignant epithelial states in lung cancer and LUAD, from proliferative and stress−adapted subpopulations dominated by Modules 8, 14 and 16 to an early GPRC5A+, stem−leaning subpopulation that preferentially engages the Module−15 signaling program. The gene discussed is GPRC5A; the disease is lung carcinoma.