FGF1 and neoplasm: In these scenarios, it promotes tumor progression by cleaving ECM proteins, which disrupts tissue integrity and facilitates metastasis; impairing T cell function by cleaving surface molecules like the TCR, thereby inhibiting proliferation and enabling immune escape; and modulating cytokines such as VEGF, FGF-1, GM-CSF to stimulate tumor neovascularization (5, 21).