CD38 and influenza: A previous study demonstrated that the coexpression of HLA-DR and CD38 on CD8+ T cells is an effective prognostic marker for influenza, HIV infection, and renal cell carcinoma after immunotherapy.18,39,40 Consistently, our study demonstrated that the increased proportion of HLA-DR+CD38+CD8+ T cells effectively reflected the response of patients to LEN-TAP therapy.