Notably, PNPLA3 upregulation in hepatocytes and HSCs was also observed in both our model and the murine MASLD model (Supplemental Figures S2F, G, http://links.lww.com/HC9/C235), consistent with MASLD patient livers (Supplemental ​​​​ Figure S2H, http://links.lww.com/HC9/C235). Here, PNPLA3 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.