GDF2 and endothelial dysfunction: One such approach is sotatercept, an ACVRIIA-Fc ligand trap against activins and GDFs (Growth Differentiation Factors) that restores the balance between the proproliferative activin pathway and the antiproliferative BMP pathway, improving exercise capacity and reducing clinical worsening.35 IL-33 inhibition may offer a more targeted approach to prevent endothelial dysfunction without the complexities associated with BMP9 signaling.