As shown in Table 6, the high-fructose diet induced significant metabolic disruptions (p ≤ 0.05), characterized by substantial increases in glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and atherogenic lipid parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, and VLDL-C), alongside a significant decrease in HDL-C compared to the normal control group. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.