PPARGC1A and high altitude pulmonary edema: Likewise, susceptibility to high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is linked to differential expression of HIF-1α, prolyl hydroxylase domain 1 (PHD1), PHD3, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1α), and NRF1 [134].