In the context of obesity, IL-1β contributes to multiple pathologic processes, including (a) promoting ectopic fat accumulation, (b) elevating blood glucose levels, (c) impairing insulin secretion, (d) inducing IR, (e) increasing the risk of T2DM, (f) facilitating atherosclerotic plaque formation, (g) causing hepatic steatosis, (h) promoting liver cirrhosis, (i) suppressing PPARγ expression, (j) increasing cytokine and chemokine expression, and (k) inducing OS [7] (Figure 8). The gene discussed is PPARG; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.