The literature reports that resident microglia and macrophages in the brain are activated minutes after the onset of ischemia, leading to the production of several pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), in addition to promoting excitotoxic injury and ischemia, which may aggravate tissue damage [77]. Here, TNF is linked to ischemia.