TGFB1 and diabetic kidney disease: In DKD rats, a medium dose of TP (200 μg/kg) restored the imbalanced peripheral Th1/Th2 cell ratio, suppressed renal macrophage infiltration (marked by reduced CD68), and downregulated key proinflammatory (p-NF-κB, MCP-1) and profibrotic (TGF-β1) mediators.