NFKB1 and neoplasm: Studies have shown that MIF interacts with CD74 or CXCR2 and CXCR4 receptors, activating signaling pathways such as protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), thereby promoting tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis (19, 20).