Displays a “cold tumor/immune excluded” phenotype, featuring impaired CD8+ T cells maturation, TAMs mediated immunosuppressive remodeling, reduced and dysfunctional NK cells activity, attenuated Tfh–B cells cooperation, increased PD-L1 expression, decreased cDC1 frequency, and defective antigen presentation (56, 59, 61, 74, 75, 117). Here, MPPE1 is linked to neoplasm.