Exposure to oxidized phospholipids drives the formation of Mox macrophages via the Nrf2 pathway, defined by the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes like heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), and sulfiredoxin-1 (Srxn-1), yet their net role in atherosclerosis progression remains complex (35). Here, HMOX1 is linked to atherosclerosis.