ATF4 and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation: Growing evidence has implicated a critical role of ATF4 in the development of CAVD (Zhu et al., 2023; Huang et al., 2023; Salim et al., 2019; Li et al., 2020b; Fu et al., 2019; Cai et al., 2013).