Classified as a “cold” tumor, PCa exhibits low T-cell infiltration and an immunosuppressive TME, resulting in limited efficacy of current immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in mCRPC (Sena et al., 2021; Tsaur et al., 2021; Roberts et al., 2022). Here, CD274 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.