Consistent with these observations, multiple studies have demonstrated that preeclampsia is accompanied by a systemic pro-inflammatory state marked by elevated IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and an imbalance in cytokine regulation (Liu et al., 2023; Valencia-Ortega et al., 2019; Ferguson et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and preeclampsia.