Future research should 1) adopt standardized assay platforms and report kit/manufacturer, limits of detection and preanalytic procedures; 2) preregister phenotype-stratified biomarker studies with careful control or matching for BMI and medication use; 3) collect and share harmonized individual participant data to permit adjustment for adiposity, age, cycle phase, and treatments; and 4) prioritize prospective and intervention designs that can test whether TNF-α changes track causal pathways in PCOS [16-20]. Here, TNF is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.