TNF and atrial fibrillation: In scRNA-seq analysis of human atrial tissue, researchers identified multiple functionally heterogeneous populations of cardiac immune cells, among which CD14+Ly6C+ mononuclear/macrophage cells were significantly enriched in atrial fibrillation patients and exhibited enhanced expression of inflammatory genes such as IL1B, NLRP3, and TNF, suggesting their central role in maintaining inflammatory environments and fibrotic remodeling (73).