(2) activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-8), which further induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis, promote the development and progression of LVH and adverse ventricular remodeling, and increase the risk of HF (14, 27, 30–32). Here, NLRP3 is linked to hydrops fetalis.