Vakirlis et al. (2011) identified a correlation between elevated TNF-α levels and increased disease severity. Moreover, a study using the Leiden epidermal model (LEM), which recapitulates AD features, demonstrated that TNF-α acts synergistically with Th2 cytokines (e.g., IL-4 and IL-13) to induce spongiosis in the LEM, enhance TSLP secretion by keratinocytes, alter the expression of early and terminal differentiation proteins, and reduce ceramide levels (Danso et al., 2014). Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.