The second category includes allergen-induced models, such as ovalbumin (OVA) and house dust mite (HDM) models, wherein the OVA-induced AD model demonstrates relative independence from the mouse strain, age, and sex, exhibiting a notable immunological shift from Th2 to a mixed Th1 + Th2 response and involving IgE-independent mast cell activation pathways. Here, IGHE is linked to Alzheimer disease.