RAN and breast carcinoma: Haggag et al. (2020) demonstrated that peptide-functionalized NPs not only reduced breast cancer cell viability but also suppressed the expression of Ran-GTP, which is a protein associated with tumor growth and progression. In addition, El-Hammadi et al. (2017) confirmed the biocompatibility of their system and reported no cytotoxic effects in normal human cell lines, including CCD-18 colon fibroblasts and MCF-10A non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells.