In lung cancer, particularly in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), TAMs in the TME play an important role because they are associated with the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and IL-18), promoting tumor growth and metastasis (Dey Sarkar et al., 2021). Here, IL18 is linked to neoplasm.