SERPING1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Since accelerated FEV1 decline (≥60 ml/year) has been widely recognized as a marker of early COPD and a predictor of increased risk for disease progression and mortality, SERPING1 may serve as a biomarker for the early identification of high-risk individuals.26 Given its consistent association with short-term lung function decline but lack of significance at longer-term follow-up, SERPING1 may be more suitable as a short-term biomarker than for long-term prognosis.