TNF and neoplasm: In eubiosis, pentanoate, an SCFA produced by gut microbes, inhibits class I histone deacetylases and enhances glycolysis through mTOR signaling, in turn increasing cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector molecules (including CD25, IFNγ, and TNF) and anti-tumor activity [50]; disrupting such microbiome balance compromises anti-tumor immunity.