TNF and cognitive disorder: As neuroinflammation and redox imbalance are key factors in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other cognitive disorders, the modulation of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, SOD, GSH, CAT, and MDA, along with the normalization of TGF-β, NF-κB, and IκB-α, suggests that OPB may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy.