TGFB1 and cancer: GSEA of cancer hallmarks showed EMT (normalized enrichment score - NES = −2.06), UV response (NES = −1.74), mitotic spindle (NES = −1.59), and TGF-β signaling (NES = −1.42), as the top processes downregulated by the absence of VIM-AS1, while oxidative phosphorylation was the most highly upregulated process (NES = 2.30) (Fig. 3B and C, and Supplementary Fig. S8E).