TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The major findings were that (1) obesity led to a clear pro-inflammatory state, evidenced by elevated CRP, TNF-α, IFN-γ , IL-1β, and IL-6, alongside reduced M2-associated markers (IL-10, Arg1, CD163); and (2) short-term aerobic exercise training effectively mitigated the obesity-associated inflammatory profile, lowering systemic M1 markers (TNF-, IL-6, IFN-, IL-1β) while enhancing anti-inflammatory M2-associated markers (IL-10, Arg1, CD163).